On April 17, 2007, one day after the Virginia Tech massacre of 32 students by another student, the Washington Post published an article entitled “Survivors of Shootings Grieve in Stages.” The author quotes an "educator" who counseled Columbine survivor families as describing specific, time-limited stages to occur in a particular order. The educator explained that in the first stage “the body shuts down in shock for seven days. It is a piercing grief; you stumble through what has to be done.” The second stage, beginning at about six months, “is defined by intense sorrow. You go back to doing normal things but everything is colored steel-grey.” One of my bereavement support group members pointed out that, apparently, the survivors cease to exist from day eight until the beginning of the second stage. And since she herself was just a few days beyond the six-month anniversary of the sudden death of her young husband and clearly able to perceive my fuchsia outfit while not seeing “steel-grey”, the group - facetiously - concluded that she must "not be grieving right." According to the educator, the third stage, “about a year after the event, is sadness tempered with joy at getting on with your own life.” None of us, past our first-year anniversary, recalled having jumped with “joy.” But there is hope: “You know that you’re there when it does not feel bad to feel good.” We are still waiting! Needless to say, the above meaningless language is easily picked up by a society which itself wants to “be done” with death and trauma and thus is reassured that there is an orderly course of grief and that, yes, you will actually “get over it.”

But does this reassurance help the survivors? The so-called "stages of grief" theory originated in the1980s when Elizabeth Kubler-Ross had the temerity to put the subject of death, considered rather taboo until then, on the national agenda. While she deserves much credit, it is common knowledge by now among mental health experts that there is no particular sequence of "stages" as Kubler-Ross had initially postulated. Neither does a survivor experience all or necessarily even any one of them. Kubler-Ross provided us with some early concepts of "grief responses" such as denial and acceptance which were helpful for further research but are not necessarily useful descriptions of a person's emotional responses. Neither are they necessarily concepts upon which grief therapy should be based.

The impact of a person having experienced traumatic death or violence belongs on a much higher-order level - that of the acute traumatic stress syndrome, occurring immediately after the event, followed by the post-traumatic stress syndrome if symptoms of trauma persist, as described in the DSM-IV. Whether someone is a shooting victim, sibling or parent of a victim, or a witness; a soldier or journalist returning from duty in Iraq after exposure to violence and destruction; or has lost a loved one through traumatic death (defined as untimely, sudden, violent – an accident, suicide, homicide - , or the witnessing of and/or participation in terminal care), becomes irrelevant when looked at from this point of view.

What does matter is the combination and severity of the symptoms of trauma such as memory impairment, difficulty concentrating, irritability and anger, flashbacks and frightening dreams, hyper-arousal, insomnia, loss of interest in formerly pleasurable activities, and dissociative symptoms. Symptom combinations and severity depend on numerous individual factors, both situational and personal. What matters in addition is the degree of interference with daily functioning. Traumatic stress debriefing, conducted shortly after the events in a professional and carefully structured fashion (International Critical Incident Stress Foundation, www.icisf.org), helps with trauma prevention. This may be followed by trauma therapy which can include supportive counseling, cognitive-behavioral therapy, psycho-dynamic work, survivor group support, relaxation techniques, desensitization, the development of coping skills to manage the course of grief over time, and any combination of the above.

The problem with postulating stages and time frames is that survivors are traumatized even more when they do not see themselves live up to what their environment apparently considers to be "normal” – universal emotional states resolving within a pre-determined, fairly short period of time. Advice dispensed by the uninitiated adds to the trauma of now living in an unfamiliar and extremely distressing emotional dimension, unimaginable to those who have not been there themselves. Attempting to focus on others presumed to be “worse off” or on “all the good things in life” has no effect whatsoever and hence induces even greater distress in the survivor. As a psychologist and traumatologist, I regularly hear the question, "Am I going crazy?" The proper response is that the unfamiliar feelings, thoughts and behaviors occurring under traumatic stress are normal reactions to an abnormal experience. And that there is no “one size fits all” approach to grief therapy leading to a uniform outcome.

Traumatic stress produces neurophysiological and neurobiological changes. Imaging techniques such as functional MRIs and PET scans have shown a hyper-activation of the amygdala while the medial pre-frontal cortex, modulating the intensity of emotions by inhibiting the amygdala, is under-activated. In addition, the hippocampus, contributing to memory functioning, shrinks in size and responds abnormally to memory tasks. So far, we have no studies indicating whether the original size is recovered after most symptoms of trauma have abated. What we do know is that prior trauma such as childhood abuse or adult trauma create permanent neural pathways, rapidly triggered by another traumatic experience and inducing more severe traumatic stress symptoms. Furthermore, we now can also demonstrate what we have known since Freud - that talking contributes to the “cure”: whenever the language centers are activated, amygdala activation and consequently emotional intensity are reduced.

One last word of caution: there are numerous, often commercial organizations, promising “certification in grief counseling” in four days to teach “anyone to heal grief, from the break-up of a romantic relationship to death” (in one single sentence!). None of these organizations would receive continuing education accreditation by the American Psychological Association or the American Psychiatric Association. Hopefully, the horrifying events at Virginia Tech will bring the country several steps closer to a better understanding of the burdens on the survivors of traumatic death and the highly specialized care needed to manage them appropriately.

Ursula Weide, PhD, JD, LPC, CT

Licensed Psychologist

Licensed Professional Counselor

Certified Thanatologist
 (Association for Death Education and Counseling)

www.coping-with-loss-and-grief.com
blog: griefhelpdoctorweide.wordpress.com

801 N. Pitt Street Suite, 113

Alexandria, VA 22314

703-548-3866

6917 Arlington Road, Suite 224

Bethesda, MD 20814 (Metro-accessible)

240-229-1893

Author's Bio: 

Ursula Weide, PhD, JD, LPC, CT
Dr. Weide, bereaved as a young spouse, is a Licensed Psychologist and Licensed Professional Counselor with more than twenty years of experience working with individuals, couples, families and groups. She graduated from George Washington University and Catholic University in Washington, D.C., with degrees in psychology, counseling, and the law.

Dr. Weide is certified by the Association for Death Education and Counseling (ADEC) as a Certified Thanatologist (grief, death and bereavement specialist). In addition to her general practice, she specializes in individual, couples and family grief counseling for clients of all ages including children, and facilitates small grief counseling groups. Tragedy can happen at any time during our lives!

Whether it is the death of a spouse or partner, child, sibling, parent or other loved one, the consequences can be traumatic and far-reaching. Even though individual circumstances differ, many similar issues impose themselves on the survivors.

Dr. Weide is a member of the International Critical Incident Stress Foundation and has received training in Critical Stress Management (Defusing, Debriefing, Psychological First Aid). She has considerable experience working with individuals traumatized by violent death and continuing disturbing thoughts and images.

Because of her personal experience, Dr. Weide is intimately familiar with the physical and emotional toll taken by the loss of a loved one. She also understands the difficulties of having to interact with others who JUST DON'T KNOW - but want you to "move on" within a certain period of time, overwhelm you with "good advice", and have ill-conceived expectations of how you should feel and act.

Having gone through the experience herself, she is fully aware of the fundamental importance of taking care of oneself, developing new coping skills, learning to live better with the loss, building a future without the loved one who may have been the center of one’s life (as impossible as this may seem), and adjusting to the “new normal" - whatever this may be for a particular individual. In many cases the issue also is, to put it frankly, a decision whether to continue living or not.

In addition to providing individual and group grief counseling and management in private practice for surviving spouses or partners, siblings , adolescents and parents mourning the death of a child, Dr. Weide has worked in nursing homes, extensively engaged in grief and end-of-life counseling with seniors.

Dr. Weide is a proud member of the Maryland State Funeral Directors Association Disaster Response Team (www.msfdadrt.com). This is one of only four such state teams in the nation. It was deployed during Katrina. Much to her regret, she was not a member yet at the time.
She has also provided continuing education for several professional organizations such as the MSFDA, the Northern Virginia Licensed Professional Counselors, and hospices.

Dr. Weide has lived abroad and provides counseling and psychotherapy services in German and French as well.

Dr. Weide has published several articles, including law review articles, on health care law, comparing the strengths and weaknesses of different health care systems including universal access/universal coverage systems (such as Medicare).