As we all know, tumor tissue is not only composed of cancer cells, it also contains other types of cells. These other cell types can affect tumor behavior and have a profound impact on whether the tumor will respond to therapy, including immunity therapy etc. Fibroblasts are distributed ... Views: 268
PEGs (polyethylene glycols) are composed of polyether compounds repeating ethylene glycol units according to the constituent monomer or parent molecule (as ethylene glycol, ethylene oxide, or oxyethylene). Most PEGs are commonly available commercially as mixtures of different oligomer sizes in ... Views: 267
Nanoparticles are a kind of nanomaterials with high dispersion characteristics. It can pass through the hair follicle or stratum corneum, thereby improving the transdermal absorption of the drug and the sustained release of the drug, and can protect the drug from degradation. Solid lipid ... Views: 266
Melamine (1, 3, 5-triamino-2, 4, 6-triazine) resin, or melamine formaldehyde (MF) is one of the hardest and stiffest thermosetting polymers, which provides good properties and performance. It is an amino resin and has various material advantages, such as transparency, better hardness, thermal ... Views: 266
Liposomes are vesicular structures, and the unique advantages imparted by lipid vesicles are their diverse range of morphologies, compositions, abilities to envelope and protect many types of therapeutic biomolecules, lack of immunogenic response, low cost, and their differential release ... Views: 258
At present, the outbreak of COVID-19 has spread to more than 200 countries and regions around the world, and the number of confirmed cases has exceeded 6 million. The world is racing to develop the Novel Coronavirus vaccine. Dozens of candidate vaccines are undergoing pre-clinical evaluation, ... Views: 256
In chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology, the dissociation constant (KD) is a specific type of equilibrium constant used to measure the tendency of larger objects to reversibly separate (dissociate) into smaller components, such as When the complex decomposes into its component molecules or ... Views: 255
Gold nanorods (AuNRs) are gold nanoparticles with a specific morphology in the range of 1 to 100 nm. They present two distinct SPRs on the transversal axis and the longitudinal axis. Longitudinal plasmon resonance can provide absorption of wavelength radiation in the near-infrared region (NIR), ... Views: 252
The chemical structure of polyethylene glycol (PEG) is HO-(CH2CH2)n-OH, which is a general term for ethylene glycol polymers with a relative molecular mass of 200 to 8000 and above.
Polyethylene glycol is the polymer with the lowest level of absorption by proteins and cells among the known ... Views: 251
As we age, the body will accumulate “garbage” in the body during the process of converting food into energy. Clinical statistics have found that the risk of cancer and related mortality in humans increases significantly with age from the age of 65. Is it because the body’s “junk” substances ... Views: 249
Glucosamine is a natural component of cartilage and is widely used as an over-the-counter nutritional supplement to reduce the pain and cartilage loss of osteoarthritis. Glucosamine is usually taken in combination with chondroitin, which is a glycosaminoglycan that also exists in ... Views: 248
The development of agricultural industrialization makes the production of agricultural products increasingly dependent on foreign substances such as pesticides, antibiotics and hormones. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 1,000 pesticides are used all over the world. ... Views: 246
In the clinical transdermal drug delivery process, there are many factors that affect the transdermal absorption of the drug, mainly including: skin hydration, skin temperature, skin conditions, and skin locations.
Skin Hydration
The phenomenon that the water content of the skin exceeds the ... Views: 244
Liposomes are vesicular structures, and the unique advantages imparted by lipid vesicles are their diverse range of morphologies, compositions, abilities to envelope and protect many types of therapeutic biomolecules, lack of immunogenic response, low cost, and their differential release ... Views: 242
One of the characteristics that cancer cells can obtain and maintain in the body is their ability to evade detection and destruction by the human immune system. For example, some tumor cells produce higher-than-normal amounts of protein as a “don’t eat me” signal, which exists on the cell ... Views: 240
High internal surface area is a highly sought after asset in material design, bringing metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) at the forefront of materials research. In fact, the main focus in this field is to create innovative methods to maximize the surface area of the MOF. Nevertheless, macroporous ... Views: 240
Obesity refers to a certain degree of obvious overweight and thick fat layer, which is a state caused by excessive accumulation of body fat, especially triglycerides. Excessive food intake or changes in the body’s metabolism lead to excessive accumulation of fat in the body, resulting in ... Views: 240
Chitosan is the second most abundant biopolymer in the world, only less than cellulose. It is a versatile biopolymer with unique properties, and is nontoxic, biodegradable and biocompatible. Chitosan is discovered by Rouget in 1859, when the chitin was treated with hot potassium hydroxide ... Views: 239
Biodegradable polymers are most often referred to as “biopolymers” because most of these polymers are derived from various natural sources. There are few in the list of biodegradable biopolymers in nature. PLA, PHA and starch are the most commonly used biopolymers that have minimal or minimal ... Views: 238
Dextran is a polysaccharide comprised of d-glucopyranose (d-glucose) repeating units linked through glycosidic linkages. It is biocompatible, biodegradable, and presents antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties. Dextran functional hydroxyl (–OH) groups offer an easy point for chemical ... Views: 238
Antibodies are biological protein molecules that are produced by immune B cells after being stimulated by antigens that can specifically bind to the antigen, and then neutralize the antigen. Because antibodies can specifically bind antigens with high affinity, antibodies have always been one of ... Views: 236
At present, a variety of chemical drugs are combined with nano-carriers to make lung-inhaled nano-preparations, and have achieved good results, such as anti-tuberculosis drugs, itraconazole, terbutaline sulfate, ciprofloxacin, curcumin and Camptothecin.
Anti-tuberculosis drugs
Polylactic ... Views: 234
anoparticles are a kind of nanomaterials with high dispersion characteristics. It can pass through the hair follicle or stratum corneum, thereby improving the transdermal absorption of the drug and the sustained release of the drug, and can protect the drug from degradation. Solid lipid ... Views: 233
Metal nanoclusters are a kind of nanomaterials with a size of less than 2 nm and stacked by 1 to 150 metal atoms. Metal nanoclusters have a typical core-shell structure, consisting of a metal atomic core and a ligand molecular shell. Ligands are usually substances that have strong covalent ... Views: 231
Hirudin is one of the most significant and most studied active ingredients in leeches and their salivary glands. It is a small molecule protein (polypeptide). Leeches are rich in hirudin, which has a strong inhibitory effect on thrombin and is the strongest natural specific inhibitor of thrombin ... Views: 228
As we all know, tumor tissue is not only composed of cancer cells, it also contains other types of cells. These other cell types can affect tumor behavior and have a profound impact on whether the tumor will respond to therapy, including immunity therapy etc. Fibroblasts are distributed ... Views: 227
Recently, some experts have identified an essential part of the long-term memory of the immune system, providing useful new details for the design of better vaccines that are suitable for many diseases from COVID-19 to malaria. This new study, published in the Journal of Experimental Medicine, ... Views: 225
Gold nanorods, as a kind of capsule-like gold nanoparticles with a scale from a few nanometers to hundreds of nanometers, have more peculiar optical properties than spherical gold nanoparticles due to their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect. Gold nanorods are biomaterials ... Views: 225
Strongyloides is an opportunistic pathogenic parasitic nematode. Adults parasitize in the small intestine of cats, dogs and humans. The larvae can invade lung, brain, liver, kidney and other tissues and organs, causing strongyloidiasis. The disease is mainly prevalent in warm and humid tropical ... Views: 224
Glucosamine is a natural component of cartilage and is widely used as an over-the-counter nutritional supplement to reduce the pain and cartilage loss of osteoarthritis. Glucosamine is usually taken in combination with chondroitin, which is a glycosaminoglycan that also exists in ... Views: 223
Over the past few decades, there have been multiple outbreaks of viruses causing severe and severe disease around the world, including known and unknown viral pathogens such as SARS-CoV, Ebola, Lassa fever, Marburg virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, Rift Valley fever virus and Middle East ... Views: 218
Computed tomography, or CT, was developed in 1960s and early 1970s. It refers to a computerized X-ray imaging procedure in which a narrow beam of X-rays is aimed at the patient and rapidly revolves around the body, producing signals that are processed by a machine computer to generate a ... Views: 216
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a large enveloped virus of double-stranded DNA among the eight known herpesviruses. After EBV infection of cells, it accumulates in the nucleus, and there are two life cycles, with alternating phases of latency and lysis. EBV infection is associated with a variety of ... Views: 215
What Are Neutral Lipids?
Neutral lipids are defined as hydrophobic molecules lacking charged groups. Neutral lipids, such as cholesteryl ester (CE), triacylglycerol (TAG), and wax ester (WE), provide organisms with inert forms of energy used in conditions of nutrient deprivation and ... Views: 214
According to a new study published in December, small, unique antibody-like proteins called VNARs—from the shark’s immune system—can prevent the virus SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19, its variants, and related coronaviruses from infecting human cells. This work is published in Nature ... Views: 213
Chitin is the second largest natural polymer after cellulose, and it exists widely in nature, such as shells of crustaceans such as shrimps, crabs, insects, and cell walls of fungi. Although chitin has good biocompatibility and biodegradability, its poor solubility limits its practicality in the ... Views: 210
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) semiconductor nanoparticles are one kind of important and promising photocatalysts in photocatalysis because of their unique optical and electronic properties. Their properties, which are determined by the preparation method, are very crucial in photocatalysis.
What ... Views: 209
Carbon dots, also known as carbon quantum dots (CQDs, CDs, or C-dots) or graphene quantum dots, possess chemical structure and physical properties similar to those of graphene oxide. Carbon quantum dots were accidentally discovered during purification of single-wall nanotubes in 2004 and have ... Views: 207
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) form long-range ordered geometric structures through the coordination and binding of metal ions and small organic molecules, changing metal elements and small organic molecules, resulting in an ever-expanding family of MOFs. Due to their excellent properties such ... Views: 203
Although natural hirudin is in great demand in clinical and pharmaceutical research, it is not easy to obtain. With the gradual exhaustion of natural leech resources, the gap between supply and demand is expanding year by year. In order to alleviate the shortage of leech resources, researchers ... Views: 203
Sucrose is a disaccharide with a unique structure. It is a non-reducing sugar formed by removing a molecule of water from the glycoside hydroxyl group of a molecule of α-D-(+)-glucopyranose and a molecule of β-D-(-)-fructofuranose. During the hydrolysis process, the specific optical rotation of ... Views: 203
Gold nanocages refer to the hollow gold nanostructures with porous walls that were developed by Sun and Xia and Chen et al. in the early 2000s. The hollow and porous structures are synthesized by the galvanic replacement between silver nanocubes and chloroauric acid in aqueous solution. By ... Views: 203
he transfersomes is a self-aggregating vesicle obtained by formulating and improving on the basis of liposomes, also known as flexible nano-liposomes (FNL). It is a lipid carrier obtained by adding surfactants (such as sodium cholate, polysorbate, spaan, sodium deoxycholate, etc.) to liposome ... Views: 202
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a kind of γ-herpes virus that is infected with human beings. In 1964, the Epstein team found in Burkittlymphoma (BL) that it consists of a double-chain DNA of 184 KB, mainly through saliva spread. 95%of the world’s people have been infected with EBV, which can be ... Views: 202
Melamine (1, 3, 5-triamino-2, 4, 6-triazine) resin, or melamine formaldehyde (MF) is one of the hardest and stiffest thermosetting polymers, which provides good properties and performance. It is an amino resin and has various material advantages, such as transparency, better hardness, thermal ... Views: 200
Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanoparticles which exhibit size and composition-dependent optical and electronic (optoelectronic) properties. QDs are ultrasmall, typically falling in the size range between 1.5 and 10.0 nm. QDs are new types of fluorescent materials for biological labeling. ... Views: 199
Heparin, also known as standard heparin or unfractionated heparin, is a linear polysaccharide consisting of 1-4 linked disaccharide repeat units of uronic acid and glucosamine residues. Heparin was discovered nearly 100 years ago and has been used clinically as a blood anticoagulant since 1935. ... Views: 196
Monkeypox is caused by the monkeypox virus. Monkeypox virus is a virus belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus of the Poxviridae family. Monkeypox virus has the typical shape of Orthopox virus, with a rounded brick shape or an oval shape and a size of 200-400 nm. The virus is enveloped by a ... Views: 195
Mesothelin is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface glycoprotein. Its biological function has not yet been clarified, but due to its limited distribution in normal tissues and high expression in some tumor tissues, it is expected to be used in tumor-specific treatment.
In ... Views: 194
Food allergy (food hypersensitivity) is an abnormal reaction of the body’s immune system caused by food. More precisely, it is an allergic reaction caused by allergens in food.
Food allergy has become a global public health problem. According to reports, the incidence of allergic reactions in ... Views: 194