Uncertainty and Teleportation - Alexis karpouzos

In order to comprehend the science of teleportation, we have to study the nature of light. Quantum physics opened new horizons in human perception and created a series of new principles that assist the knowledge of the universe. In 1900, Max Planck, in his attempt to explain the black body radiation based on the laws of thermodynamics, was obliged to separate energy into tiny parts, the quanta, by introducing a new principle, h=6,6/10-27 erg.second which is called Planck principle. That is how the biggest crisis in the history of physics took place, since for the first time after Newton’s era it was supported that the energy is not continuous, but divided into finite measurable parts. The above is considered as the principle of quantum theory.

From the new theory the following paradox emerged: the light behaved once as a wave and the other as a particle. To be more precise, it was verified that when we are looking for photons, the behavior of the light is clearly that of a wave. However, when we want to observe a photon, its behavior is that of a particle. The first signs that the material world is a lot different than the impression it leaves, were found when the researchers Geiger and Marsden discovered that the a particles (helium nuclei) present quantum properties. Some years later, Bohr discovered that the electrons in the atoms of the matter can take only specific energy values, proving that the matter is constituted of quanta. The next big step was made by Heisenberg, with the new quantum theory, known as well as quantum mechanics, according to which it is impossible to measure in absolute accuracy the position and the momentum of a particle. According to the “uncertainty principle”, the more accurate we are on one measurement, the less accurate we are on the other. This theory proved determinism wrong. Since then, the “uncertainty principle” is being verified continuously in physics laboratories, introducing that the behavior of the matter depends on the measurement we make. In that way, a special relationship between the observer and the object being observed is displayed.

This relationship proves the infinite possibilities of the quantum world that take place every single moment. The “uncertainty principle” means that we cannot fully decipher the structure of an object, so that we teleport it. This happens because it is impossible to measure its position and its velocity or its momentum at the same time. That way, namely, the measurement of the specific situation of an object is impossible. However, such a measurement would be necessary in order to obtain all the information needed for the creation of a similar object. The scientific solution was given in 1993, when scientists discovered a way of using quantum mechanics for teleportation in which Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle is not abolished. This property is called entanglement.

Common logic regards the objects as independent to one another. In the quantum world, if a particle interacts with another body or particle, then these two are very strongly connected. In a way, they stop acting independently of one another and can be described only when they are associated to one another, as if they were connected by a natural bond. The quantum correlation phenomenon (entanglement) applies whether the distance between the particles is one millimeter or 10000000 years of light and seems to happen instantaneously, i. e. outside space and time. This paradox is known as ÎPR paradox, named by the three scientists (Einstein, Pontoski, Rozen) who analyzed the consequences of the entanglement on great distances. ÎPR paradox as was proved experimentally as well, constitutes the base of teleportation and of quantum computers as well. John Bell replied to this paradox.

Bell proved a theorem, according to which the correlation phenomenon can be detected only if we do not know the characteristics of the objects we wish to measure in advance. Otherwise the measurement results do not obey the laws of quantum mechanics. Bell’s observation introduces philosophical questions about the objectivity of science, namely, what we observe is the result of the measurement. In other words, the observer affects and alters the observed and vice versa. The “subject” that observes and the “object” that is being observed form one another. One of the most interesting conclusions that arise from the correlation phenomenon (entanglement) is that the whole universe is connected in subatomic level since 14 billion years ago the whole matter in the universe was concentrated in a tiny spot. This means that whichever transformation takes place in nature, it instantaneously affects the whole universe.

https://www.amazon.com/ALEXIS-KARPOUZOS/e/B081VGDQVD/ref=ntt_dp_epwbk_0

https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/14108295.Alexis_Karpouzos